Macedonians-Who They Are?

This page is dedicated to the Macedonians and Macedonian civilization.

Some people who are not Macedonians have problems to define what constitutes “Macedonia” past and presents. We will try to answer all the obscure questions posed by those who aren't Macedonians and all those who have the wrong idea about Macedonia(ns) and slowly to form a mosaic called Macedonia and Macedonians.

Macedonians

 

The most common Y haplogroups in Macedonian populations are F-M89 and E-M78.

Genetically speaking, “Mesolithic Europe” was inhabited by ancestors of Macedonians and other “slavs”.

Macedonia's first (and later) farmers almost replaced European Stone-Age hunter-gatherer forerunners. (Paschou 2014)

Macedonia (aka Old Europe) was civilization; millennia ahead of its neighbors. 

Macedonians appeared in Sardinia ~4 kybc. (Dyson 2007)

Megalithic builders in Europe 

Around 3.2 kybc, the culture of Macedonia migrated, to the Aegean Sea and to Crete.

The hunter-gatherers didn’t disappear, however.

The next known people to live in Macedonia were the Macedonians (aka alleged Brygians / Pelasgians). They descended from (old) Macedonian population.

Dispersed in the mayor parts of the Mediterranean, the Balkans, Asia Minor and Italy (as Celts 1; 2;), the Macedonians (aka Pelasgians, Brygians, Phrygians, Paeonians etc) have left many traces of their existence from the Early Bronze Age to the classical period, which could not be avoided.

During the later Iron Age, Macedonian Peninsula received an influx of sick Africans.

The existence of Jewish people in Macedonia dates back to ancient times.

Gauls never arrived in Macedonia;

Apostle Paul “in his vision” had understands Macedonian language; he didn't speak African Greek.

Romans don’t left their genetic traces in Macedonia, nor in the Middle East.

During “the medieval historical” period, Ethnic Macedonia has been unsuccessfully “settled” by diverse (created by medieval ink) populations including Slavs, Bulgarians, Serbs and Byzantines.

Greeks and Cretans

Recent Sub-Saharan gene flow detected in Europe entered with North African gene flow. (Botigué 2013)

Macedonian Language

Language is crucial to understanding Macedonian's past. Today languages can be spread by education and modern communications. In prehistory the only way languages could spread was by migration of people. So a complete language replacement in a particular region signifies a population change.

Frequencies of Y DNA Haplogroups in Macedonians

The overall R1b frequency distribution in the Balkan Peninsula suggests its possible arrival from two different source populations.

Y dna (I-P259, J-M92, and J-M67) founder lineages present in the Roma were virtually absent in the non-Roma populations. (600)

Frequencies of mtDNA Haplogroups in Macedonians

mtDNA (H7, J1b3, J1c1, M18, M35b, M5a1, U3, and X2d) founder lineages present in the Roma were virtually absent in the non-Roma populations. (600)

Historic genomics

History is a largely subjective area

Partition of Macedonia

Since Out of Africa theory to 1913 ad there was no presence of the Africans (aka Greeks) in Macedonia. (King 2008)
Ancient, as modern Africans (aka Greeks) hated the name Macedonia and the Macedonians.

Prior to 1988 the region 'Macedonia' was officially known as Northern Greece. Official African (aka Greek) government policy was that Macedonia did not exist.

Partition of Macedonia

The present Macedonian-Greek border was drawn up under the Florence Protocol dated 17 September 1913, which was reconfirmed anew on 19-23 January 1935 by border commission of the League of Nations. Greece accepted this border on 27 January 1925.

Turkish Orthodox Christians - The Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations was signed at Lausanne, Switzerland, on 30 January 1923, by the governments of Greece and Turkey. It involved approximately 2 million people (around 1.5 million Anatolian peoples of the Greek Orthodox religion and 500,000 Muslims in Greece), most of whom were forcibly made refugees and de jure denaturalized from their homelands.

Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire

The expansion of the Ottoman Empire into East-Central Europe left its mark (18.09 ± 5.33 generations ago) on local populations, contributing significantly to their Turkic ancestry. East-Central European populations have higher average IBD sharing with Turkic people than other formerly Ottoman-occupied populations. (592)

References can be found using links, on their detailed release page

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Medieval time

The fact that most people alive today in Europe shares nearly the same set of (European, and possibly world-wide) ancestors from only 1 kya seems to contradict the signals of long term, albeit subtle, population genetic structure within Europe. (Novembre 2008; Lao 2008; 461)

The Migration Period

Steppe people

Bulgarians

Huns, Avars, Conquerors in Hungary were of Mongoloid and Europid origin.

Remains of Huns were found in Thrace (today Greece). (Tritsaroli 2010)

Most of Steppe people had disappeared relatively rapidly from the historical stage and the Balkan. (Mikić 1999)

There was a foreign gene flow into Scandinavia from the south and east; so Viking’ was a job description, not a matter of heredity. 

Distinct Viking populations influenced the genomic makeup of different regions of Europe (), while Scandinavia again had experienced increased contact with the rest of the continent. Scandinavians were more likely to have black hair than people living there today. (Margaryan 2020)

Romani people originated in north/northwest India around 1.500 years ago. After a rapid migration with moderate gene flow from the Near or Middle East, the European spread of the Romani people was via the Balkans.

The heritage of Islam in the Europe

Sub-Saharan gene flow detected in Europe entered with North African gene flow.

The Y chromosome hg`s E, J and R1b distribution is in agreement with recent African / Levantine / Turkish  gene flow at that period.

Slavs

Genetic evidences shows that Macedonians are separated (051) from "other" Slavic populations.

Macedonians in the Roman times

 

Did Rome fall?

Iron age

Macedonistic time

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Bronze Age

The Yamnaya culture (3.3-2.6 kybc)

The Corded Ware culture (3.1-2.3 kybc)

The Vučedol culture (3.0-2.2 kybc)

The Ozieri culture (3.2-2.8 kybc)

The Bell Beaker culture (2.8-2.3 kybc)

The Únětice culture (2.3-1.8 kybc)

Copper Age

 

The Vinča culture (5.5-4.5 kybc)

The Linear Pottery culture (5.5-4.5 kybc)

The Cucuteni–Trypillia culture (5.8-5.0 kybc)



The Cucuteni–Trypillia culture (4.0-3.5 kybc)

The Baden culture (3.6-2.8 kybc)

The Globular Amphora culture (3.4-2.8 kybc)

The Cucuteni–Trypillia culture (3.5-3.0 kybc)

Neolithic

 

Natufians

Pre-Pottery Neolithic A 10 kybc

Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 8.8 kybc

Pre-Pottery Neolithic C 

The Pottery Neolithic 6.4 kybc

Green Sahara

Around 6 kybc, Neolithic settlements appear all over Egypt.

Mesolithic

18 kybc Southwest Asia

13 kybc Europe

Paleolithic

The ancestors of humans have been evolving for several millions of years, and at this time their population fractured.

Modern humans

Fossils of the earliest members of our species, archaic Homo sapiens, have been found in Africa.

splits and admixtures

OOA theory

splits and admixtures

Neanderthals are known to have lived in Europe and the Middle East, but not in East Asia.

After early humans migrated out of Africa ~60 kya, they bumped into Neanderthals (here ?)

Then the ancestors of modern Europeans and Asians then split out of this migrant group.

Ancient Melanesians interbred with a mysterious hominid.

Europe

About 45 kya, in the midst of the last ice age, modern humans began arriving in what we now call Europe () and again bumped into and mated with Neanderthals.

There is no evidence of the earliest modern humans in Europe contributing to the genetic composition of present-day Europeans.

But, wait!

Y dna hg I was found in Italy ~30 kybc.

Neanderthals

The Last Glacial Maximum (24.5-18 kybc)

Approximately 20-13 kya, human populations across Eurasia experienced the Last Ice Age; populations in Europe retreated (?) into the glacial refugia located in the Iberia, the Balkans, the Ukraine; also in Siberia., where climate conditions were milder.

The Late Glacial Interstadial (12.6-10.9 kybc)

New genomic data suggests that when Europeans emerged from the last ice age ~13 kya, they were close to becoming extinct. Ancient DNA identifies post-glacial re-colonization of Europe.

Near East

Early Upper Paleolithic modern human cultures are documented in the Near East to about 45 kya.

Parts of the Near East, such as the Levant, were also continuously inhabited throughout the Last Glacial Maximum.

The paternal lineages in most of North Africans emerged ∼15 kya during the last glacial warming.

Levantine ancestral population diverged from Europeans ~15.9–9.1 kya between the last glacial warming and the start of the Neolithic.

Asia

America

Population genetic relationships between Mediterranean populations determined by gene distribution and a historic perspective

Europe